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Stage theories are based on the idea that elements in systems move through a pattern of distinct stages over time and that these stages can be described based on their distinguishing characteristics. Specifically, stages in cognitive development have a constant order of succession, later stages integrate the achievements of earlier stages, and each is characterized by a particular type of structure of mental processes which is specific to it. The time of appearance may vary to a certain extent depending upon environmental conditions.〔Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory. In P. H. Mussen, (Ed.), ''Carmichael’s handbook of child development'' (pp. 703-732). New York: Wiley. 〕 "Stage theory" can also be applied beyond psychology to describe phenomena more generally where multiple phases lead to an outcome. The term "stage theory" can thus be applied to various scientific, sociological and business disciplines. In these contexts, stages may not be as rigidly defined, and it is possible for individuals within the multi-stage process to revert to earlier stages or skip some stages entirely. ==Piaget's theory of cognitive development== :''See also: Theory of cognitive development'' Jean Piaget's theory〔Piaget, J. (1951 ). ''The psychology of intelligence''. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.〕 consists of four stages: Sensorimotor: (birth to 2 years), Preoperations: (2 to 7 years), Concrete operations: (7 to 11 years), and Formal Operations: (11 to 16 years). Each stage has at least two substages, usually called early and fully. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stage theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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